Blog 9 : Transformation and Transduction

In bacterial transformation, bacteria and DNA are mixed together to create a "heat shock".  "heat shock" is a process that induces the bacteria to take in plasmid DNA.  With the ionic shield in place, the DNA is swept through the adhesion zone(admit plasmid DNA).  Only transformed bacteria that contain two types of resistance genes could grow in the presence of the antibodies, tetracyline and kanamycin.  As a result after bacterial transformation was a recombined plasmid containing both the (tet) and the (kan) gene.  Same methods could be used recombine genes from eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms.
Transduction occurs in the lytic cycle or the lysogenic cycle.  In Transduction, genetic information is transferred between cells using bacteriophage ( virus particle).  It does not require cell to cell contact and does not demote DNA.  Specialized transduction uses specialized phage, in which some of the phage's genetic material has been replaced by bacterial chromosome. The phage particles carry the same amount of the bacterial chromosome(genetic material). The phage can introduce their DNA into the recipient bacterium through recombination,the breaking of genetic material to join other genetic material. Finally, host cell obtains phage DNA and genes from the previous host.  

Transformation

Transduction

Sources
http://www.dnalc.org/view/15916-DNA-transformation.html
http://www.bookrags.com/research/transduction-wog/

Blog 8: Cell Size

What shape (radius, villi and dimples) and size allow a cell to have the highest rate of diffusion?
The following properties are needed for a cell to reach its highest diffusion rate of 4.64  A cell must have a ratio of 10:1 for its radius.  Its villi percent should be 50% on the cells surface area.  Dimples on a cell have no effect on diffusion rate therefore the percent of dimples of cell surface area is not required.  The cell must have an oval shape and its surface area should be approximately 988.77 and its volume 3.91 in size.

Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis

      

REFERENCES

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/photosynthesis-and-cellular-respiration.html

http://www.differencebetween.net/science/difference-between-cellular-respiration-and-photosynthesis/

 Cellular Respiration                         Similarities                                Photosynthesis

●     Occurs day and night	●     Both occur in two stages	●     certain part of photosynthesis can only occur during daylight
●     Occurs in the mitochondia	●     Both are aerobic	●     occurs in chloroplasts
●     uses NAD+ to transfer hydrogen ions	●     Generate ATP by chemiosmosis	●     uses NADP to transfer hydrogen ions
●     occurs in two phases: light reactions and dark reactions (Calvin cycle)	●     Have an electron transport chain	●     occurs in three phases: Glycolysis, Krebs cycle and Electron transport chain
●     process where food made by photosynthesis is converted in to energy for plants	●     Both utilize ATP for energy	●     process where plants use sunlight to produce food
●     occurs in plants and some bacteria	●     Both involve exchanging of oxygen and carbon dioxide	●     occurs in all living organisms
●     uses the glucose produced from photosynthesis to create ATP	●     Both have alternate pathways; C3, C4 and CAM(photosynthesis) and fermentation(cellular respiration)	●     Requires energy to produce glucose
●     turns sugar back into CO2 and H20		●     Turns CO2 and H20 into sugar